Laser 2000 provides a range of different crystal materials for various operations. Crystals can be provided in boule, wafer, or machined to specific dimensions. They can be supplied coated or uncoated for a range of different laser types.

Lithium Niobate

   LiNbO3

• EO waveguide phase and amplitude modulators
• Quasi-phasematching SHG and OPO

Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is an extremely versatile nonlinear crystal material. Its electro-optic and nonlinear optical coefficients are used for various photonic applications.Titanium indiffused or annealed proton exchange (APE) waveguides can be fabricated in LiNbo3 for integrated optical applications. It has nonlinear optical applications n harmonic generation, optical parametric oscillation and electro-optic modulation. It offers excellent transmission properties coupled with a high extinction ratio and low half-wave voltage. Fast (GHz) optical switches are commercially manufactured with Deltronic Crystal's lithium niobate wafers. Electro-optically-controlled multiplexers and demultiplexers can be fabricated into lithium niobate wafers. In addition, optical sources can be produced by doping or.by indiffusion of rare-earth ions such as neodymium. Two-dimensional optical computing algorithms are also possible. Three-inch diameter wafers are typically produced for integrated photonic applications.

Characteristics and Applications
Integrated optics applications for optical-wafer grade LiNbO3 include: switches, interconnects, multiplexers, waveguide lasers, and nonlinear optical waveguides. Periodic poling of Z-cut wafers can be used for quasi-phasematching to produce second-harmonic generation (SHG) or optical parametric conversion (OPO).

Lithium niobate has a high melting point (1 2530C), high room temperature coercive field (12 kV/cm), and a high Curie temperature (1 1430C). These features, with the additional feature of relatively open lattice, make LiNbO3 ideal for waveguide fabrication. Furthermore, LiNbO3 has a high optical-damage threshold that is augmented with special dopants such as magnesium. Rare-earth ions can also be indiffused into LiNbO3 to create optical sources that can be directly modulated by travelling-wave waveguide modulators.